{"id":30764,"date":"2025-11-27T13:30:29","date_gmt":"2025-11-27T12:30:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nect.com\/media\/nicht-kategorisiert\/beneficial-owner-under-the-gwg-who-counts-as-one\/"},"modified":"2026-10-27T17:34:13","modified_gmt":"2026-10-27T16:34:13","slug":"beneficial-owner-under-the-gwg-who-counts-as-one","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nect.com\/en\/media\/blog\/beneficial-owner-under-the-gwg-who-counts-as-one\/","title":{"rendered":"Beneficial owner under the GwG: Who counts as one?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"30764\" class=\"elementor elementor-30764 elementor-30056\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16ee730 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"16ee730\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a972274 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a972274\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The <strong>beneficial owner<\/strong> \u2013 or <strong>UBO<\/strong> (ultimate beneficial owner) for short \u2013 is an important person in a company or organization. In this article, we will examine the definition of the beneficial owner in more detail and explain the legal background of the term. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3642e7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d3642e7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcc8fbf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bcc8fbf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Key Points at a Glance<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1bceee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b1bceee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>The <strong>beneficial owner<\/strong> has more than 25% of the voting rights, more than 25% of the share capital, or comparable control over a company.<br\/>Since August 1, 2021, an active reporting obligation has applied to all affected companies and organizations.<\/li><li>The name, date of birth, nationality, and shareholding ratios of the beneficial owners must be recorded in the Transparency Register.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bb867f elementor-toc--minimized-on-desktop elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"5bb867f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;container&quot;:&quot;#index-content&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;,&quot;h4&quot;,&quot;h5&quot;,&quot;h6&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__5bb867f\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-keyboard_arrow_down\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__5bb867f\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-keyboard_arrow_up\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__5bb867f\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1141b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f1141b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"index-content\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0d3a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"b0d3a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-609360b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"609360b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Definition of the beneficial owner according to the Money Laundering Act<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1e6c1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b1e6c1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe beneficial owner is a person who benefits economically from an organization or company. According to the <strong>Money Laundering Act <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/gwg_2017\/__3.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Section 3 (1)<\/a><\/strong> (GwG), the beneficial owner is a <strong>natural<\/strong> person who meets the following requirement: \n<ol style=\"margin: 12px 0 16px;\">\n \t<li><strong>more than 25%<\/strong> of the <strong>share capital<\/strong><\/li>\n \t<li>more than 25% of the <strong>voting rights<\/strong><\/li>\n \t<li><strong>comparable control<\/strong> as in points a. &#038; b. over the company  <\/li>\n<\/ol>\nThis applies to the following:\n<ul style=\"margin: 12px 0 0;\">\n \t<li><strong>Legal entities \u2013 GmbH, UG, e.V., AG<\/strong>, etc.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Registered partnerships \u2013 GbR, OHG, KG<\/strong> etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-774a329 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"774a329\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Legal background &amp; meaning of the term<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53fd6c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53fd6c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe term beneficial owner has its origins in legal frameworks aimed at ensuring transparency and accountability in companies.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b109c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7b109c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What special features need to be considered for stock corporations?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-252e766 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"252e766\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>If the contracting party is a listed stock corporation (AG), the determination of beneficial owners can be waived under certain conditions.<\/p><p>As soon as the contractual partner is a non-listed stock corporation (AG), the beneficial owner must be determined.<\/p><p>The following applies to entry in the Transparency Register for listed companies:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8af4e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c8af4e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><i>\u201cThe Money Laundering Act<\/i><i>  <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/gwg_2017\/__20.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Section 20 (1) sentence 1 GwG <\/i><\/a><i>  contains no exemption for companies that are listed on an organized market according to  <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/wphg\/__2.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Section 2 (11) WpHG <\/i><\/a> <i> listed.\u201d \u2013 <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bva.bund.de\/SharedDocs\/Downloads\/DE\/Aufgaben\/ZMV\/Transparenzregister\/Transparenzregister_FAQ.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&#038;v=38\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Transparency Register FAQ<\/i><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0b09cf elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"c0b09cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6661a4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6661a4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74ca03f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"74ca03f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Who is not a beneficial owner and why?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4e3f86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4e3f86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAccording to the Transparency Register, \u201cgeneral plenipotentiaries,\u201d authorized signatories, managing directors, authorized representatives, or simple representatives are not beneficial owners.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa4f10c elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"fa4f10c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd60c95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bd60c95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What is a fictitious beneficial owner?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee23e7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee23e7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA fictitious beneficial owner is the legal representative of a company if there is no actual beneficial owner. This person must also be entered in the Transparency Register. \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56f4b96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"56f4b96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Example of a fictitious beneficial owner<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ca1d32 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1ca1d32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPersons A, B, C, D, and E each hold 20% of the capital shares\/voting rights. Person F is the managing director and thus the fictitious beneficial owner. \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7369eb7 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7369eb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c072b4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c072b4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Indirect participation: When does indirect control lie with the beneficial owner?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e922c2e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e922c2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIf corresponding <b>shares are held by a company<\/b> that is controlled by a natural person, indirect control exists (Section 20 (2) GwG).\n\nControl exists if a natural person can directly or indirectly exert a dominant influence on the association.\n\nTo determine whether a dominant influence exists, the following apply:  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/hgb\/__290.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Section 290 (2) to (4) HGB <\/a>. This means that a company has a dominant influence if\n<ol style=\"margin: 12px 0 16px;\">\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\">it has the right to <b>appoint or dismiss<\/b> <b>the majority of the members<\/b> of the administrative, management, or supervisory body determining the financial and business policy of another company, and it is <b>simultaneously a shareholder<\/b> (Section 290 (2) No. 2 HGB),<\/li>\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\">it has the right to <b>determine<\/b> <b>the financial and business policy<\/b> based on a control agreement concluded with another company or based on a provision in the articles of association of the other company (Section 290 (2) No. 3 HGB), or<\/li>\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\">from an economic perspective, it <b>bears the majority of the risks and rewards of a company<\/b> that serves to achieve a narrowly limited and precisely defined objective of the parent company (special purpose entity), cf. Section 290 (2) No. 4 HGB.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3976c7b elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3976c7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6626a58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6626a58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What applies to the beneficial owner of a GmbH?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07b8d4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"07b8d4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The principles mentioned above apply equally to the beneficial owner of a GmbH (limited liability company). If several persons each hold a share of more than 25%, the GmbH accordingly has <strong>several beneficial owners<\/strong>. In cases of complex participation structures \u2013 also referred to as <strong>multi-level participation<\/strong> \u2013 and corporate interconnections, it is of decisive importance whether the natural person behind the intermediate company can exert actual control at the <strong>second or a higher level<\/strong>.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89ebe47 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"89ebe47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3585246 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3585246\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Example of a multi-level participation<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1582870 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1582870\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"482\" src=\"https:\/\/nect.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/gwg-wirtschaftlich-berechtigter-flowchart.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-30766\" alt=\"flowchart example beneficial owner\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nect.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/gwg-wirtschaftlich-berechtigter-flowchart.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/nect.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/gwg-wirtschaftlich-berechtigter-flowchart-300x181.jpg 300w, https:\/\/nect.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/gwg-wirtschaftlich-berechtigter-flowchart-768x463.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6721f61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6721f61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC exerts a dominant influence on GmbH B due to the majority of capital shares. D also exerts a dominant influence on GmbH B due to his majority of voting rights. Both are thus considered indirect beneficial owners of GmbH A. Both are entered in the Transparency Register with the share that GmbH B controls in GmbH A. The fact that this results in a total of over 100% of voting rights being registered for GmbH A is intentional.   \n\nAs soon as there is a participation of more than 50% in the capital or voting rights shares, such a dominant position is assumed.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d7c379 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7d7c379\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46420ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"46420ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Who is obliged to determine the beneficial owner?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7efd76d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7efd76d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li aria-level=\"1\">Lawyers<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\">Tax advisors<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\">Notaries<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\">Banks<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\">Real estate agents<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\">Dealers in goods<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\">Asset management companies<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\">Auditors<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\">Insurers<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e46652 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"9e46652\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5334ab7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5334ab7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Determination \/ identification of the beneficial owner according to the Money Laundering Act<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1628ab9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1628ab9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIdentifying the beneficial owner is an important step in increasing transparency in companies and organizations. There are various methods and processes for identifying the beneficial owner. \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb4c2f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"eb4c2f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Identification process<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-534e8d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"534e8d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The first step should be to consult the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.transparenzregister.de\/treg\/de\/start?3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Transparency Register<\/a>. Companies must state the beneficial owner there. An extract from the respective company should provide information about the beneficial owners of the counterpart.   <\/p><p>The contractual partner must provide the GwG-obligated company, in accordance with  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/gwg_2017\/__11.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Section 11 (6) GwG   <\/a>documents for identifying the beneficial owner. <\/p><p>Another <a href=\"https:\/\/nect.com\/en\/products\/kyc-kyb\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">process for identifying<\/a> the beneficial owner involves reviewing documents such as articles of association, ownership documents, and register extracts. It may also be necessary to obtain information from the persons involved themselves. <\/p><p>If, after a thorough investigation of the beneficial owners, no clear identification is possible, the managing director of the GmbH is considered the beneficial owner.<\/p><p>In Germany, the identification of the beneficial owner is mandatory according to the Money Laundering Act (GwG). Companies are obliged to determine and document the identity of the beneficial owner in order to prevent money laundering and other illegal activities. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36c2412 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"36c2412\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What are the challenges and solutions in identification?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa54d8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fa54d8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Identifying the beneficial owner can present some challenges. Sometimes information is <b>not easily available<\/b> or the persons involved are <b>uncooperative<\/b>. It is important to find solutions to overcome these obstacles. This can be achieved, for example, through <b>cooperation with authorities<\/b> or the <b>use of technological solutions<\/b> for data analysis and verification.   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e7aad2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5e7aad2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e9440f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8e9440f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How does Nect help?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7305d03 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7305d03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAccelerate your compliance processes effortlessly and securely: Discover Nect, the proven platform for <b>lawyers, tax advisors, notaries, auditors, and real estate agents<\/b>. Send us an inquiry and secure access to efficient, secure, and convenient solutions for your clients \u2013 use the proven choice of many renowned law firms now. \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7eff35a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7eff35a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"520\" src=\"https:\/\/nect.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/browser-risikobewertung-1024x665.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-30392\" alt=\"Browser with KYB risk assessment KYC\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nect.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/browser-risikobewertung-1024x665.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/nect.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/browser-risikobewertung-300x195.jpg 300w, https:\/\/nect.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/browser-risikobewertung-768x499.jpg 768w, https:\/\/nect.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/browser-risikobewertung.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f27f8a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"f27f8a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjgyNjcsInRvZ2dsZSI6ZmFsc2V9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Book a Demo<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41e8196 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"41e8196\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6beee0b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6beee0b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Transparency Register: When do I have to report the beneficial owners?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b8e064 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3b8e064\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Excursus - What is the Transparency Register?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d8ef69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d8ef69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe Transparency Register is a state database that collects and stores information about the beneficial owners of companies and organizations.\n\nIt serves to make the people and economic interests behind companies transparent in order to combat money laundering, terrorist financing, and other illegal activities.\n\nThe establishment and maintenance of a Transparency Register serves to comply with international standards for combating money laundering. By providing this information, the Transparency Register contributes to increased transparency and integrity in the business environment. \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83f279f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"83f279f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u201cNew\u201d regulation as of August 1, 2021 - Active reporting obligation<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a75b2e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a75b2e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Until August 1, 2021<\/b>, entry in the Transparency Register was not required if the information about the beneficial owners was already electronically verifiable from the documents listed in Section 22 (1) of the Money Laundering Act (GwG). These include documents from the commercial register, partnership register, cooperative register, register of associations, or company register. In this case, the so-called \u201c<b>reporting fiction<\/b>\u201d according to Section 22 (2) GwG could be applied.   <\/p><p>However, this regulation on automatic reporting lapsed on August 1, 2021, with the entry into force of the Transparency Register and Financial Information Act <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/gwg_2017\/__11.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(TraFinG).<\/a><\/p><p>From now on, companies and organizations that previously refrained from automatic reporting must <b>immediately<\/b> record and report their beneficial owners separately in the Transparency Register (active reporting obligation).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7797480 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7797480\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What information must be stored in the Transparency Register?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9cc90c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9cc90c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tInformation such as name, date of birth, nationality, and shareholding ratios of the beneficial owners are recorded in the Transparency Register.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c62d8db elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c62d8db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">When does no beneficial owner have to be recorded?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4669a7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4669a7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSole proprietorships and generally civil law partnerships (GbR) can refrain from recording the beneficial owner. \nExamples include: GbR, small traders, freelancers, registered traders (E.k.).\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In this article, we will examine the definition of the beneficial owner in more detail and explain the legal background of the term.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":30765,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[751],"tags":[752,754],"class_list":["post-30764","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","tag-compliance","tag-regulatory"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.8 (Yoast SEO v28.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Beneficial owner under the GwG: Who counts as one? - Nect<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"According to the GwG, beneficial owners are natural persons who hold more than 25% of the voting rights and share capital or have comparable control over a company.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/nect.com\/en\/media\/blog\/beneficial-owner-under-the-gwg-who-counts-as-one\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Beneficial owner under the GwG: Who counts as one?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"According to the GwG, beneficial owners are natural persons who hold more than 25% of the voting rights and share capital or have comparable control over a company.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/nect.com\/en\/media\/blog\/beneficial-owner-under-the-gwg-who-counts-as-one\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Nect\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/NiceToNectYou\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-11-27T12:30:29+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-10-27T16:34:13+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/nect.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/wirtschaftsberechtigt-gwg-visual.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1280\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"720\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Maurice Vogel\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@nicetonectyou\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@nicetonectyou\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Maurice Vogel\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"9 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nect.com\\\/en\\\/media\\\/blog\\\/beneficial-owner-under-the-gwg-who-counts-as-one\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nect.com\\\/en\\\/media\\\/blog\\\/beneficial-owner-under-the-gwg-who-counts-as-one\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Maurice Vogel\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nect.com\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/4a12335203c9d79e727920a23ddf1daf\"},\"headline\":\"Beneficial owner under the GwG: Who counts as one?\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-11-27T12:30:29+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-10-27T16:34:13+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nect.com\\\/en\\\/media\\\/blog\\\/beneficial-owner-under-the-gwg-who-counts-as-one\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1394,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nect.com\\\/en\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nect.com\\\/en\\\/media\\\/blog\\\/beneficial-owner-under-the-gwg-who-counts-as-one\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nect.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/11\\\/wirtschaftsberechtigt-gwg-visual.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Compliance\",\"Regulatory\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Blog\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nect.com\\\/en\\\/media\\\/blog\\\/beneficial-owner-under-the-gwg-who-counts-as-one\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nect.com\\\/en\\\/media\\\/blog\\\/beneficial-owner-under-the-gwg-who-counts-as-one\\\/\",\"name\":\"Beneficial owner under the GwG: Who counts as one? 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